HUGO

   The almost invariably used term, in honour of Hugo GERNSBACK, for the Science Fiction Achievement Award; it has been an official variant of the formal title since 1958. Hugos were first awarded at the 1953 World SF CONVENTION; the idea was then dropped for a year (1954), but since 1955the awards have been annual. They have always been the amateur or fan awards as opposed to, say, the NEBULA or PHILIP K. DICK AWARD, which are voted on by different categories of professional reader. The original idea, from fan Hal Lynch, was based on the National Film Academy Awards (Oscars). The award takes the form of a rocketship mounted upright onfins. The first model was designed and produced by Jack McKnight; from 1955 a similar design by Ben Jason has normally been used. The rocketshave been cast since 1984 (except 1991) in Birmingham, UK, at the foundry of prominent fan Peter WESTON; in 1992 they were gold-plated to celebrate the 50th Worldcon.Awards are made in several classes, which have varied in definition and number from year to year. They are given primarily for fiction, but classes for editing, artwork, film and tv, fan writing and illustration have also been included; moreover, occasional unclassified special awards have been given. The rules governing awards are made, and often remade, at Worldcon business meetings, held annually. Winners in each class are chosen by ballot; since 1960 the voters have been limited annually to members of the forthcoming Worldcon (anyone can buy membership without actually attending the convention). The occasional special awards, however, are made by Worldcon committees. Voting on Hugos is always carried out postally before the convention begins; counting is done using the single transferable ballot, often known as the Australian ballot (after the system used in Australian lower-house elections), the leastsuccessful contender's votes being redistributed, using second or subsequent preferences, after each count, until one candidate has a clear majority. There was no nominating procedure up to 1958. Since 1959 there have been ballots for nominations, distributed to fans generally until 1963, when they were limited to the membership of the current and previousyear's Worldcon, except in 1965 and 1967.World conventions are held over Labor Day Weekend in September, and Hugos are given for publication oractivity in the preceding calendar year. Hence, for example, a novel which wins a 1998 Hugo will have been published in 1997 (though, if it also wins a Nebula, the latter will be known confusingly as the 1997 Nebula). "No award" votes have for many years been permitted, and have resulted occasionally in void classes. Since 1963, story series and tv series have been excluded from the short-fiction and drama classes; thus in 1968 five individual STAR TREK episodes were nominated for the drama award, while in 1962 Brian W. ALDISS was able to win the short-fiction award with aseries, the Hothouse stories.The definitions of the various categories of short fiction have varied. There was no short-fiction award in 1953. In the years 1955-9 there were only two classes of short fiction: novelette and short story. These were amalgamated 1960-66 as "short fiction"; few short stories were nominated during this period. In 1967 the novelette class was reintroduced, and a new class, novella, was included from 1968. In 1970-72 the only two classes were short story and novella. Since 1973there have again been three classes of short fiction. Since the early 1970s a novella has been defined as being 17,500-40,000 words, a noveletteas 7500-17,500 words, a short story as any fiction shorter than a novelette and a novel as any fiction longer than a novella.Since 1971, the drama category has included recordings. In 1973 the professional-magazine class changed to a professional-editor class, to acknowledge the increasing importance of original ANTHOLOGIES. In 1980 the new category of nonfiction book was added, the first award being given to the first edition of this encyclopedia, and subsequent awards have gone to books of criticism, scholarship, artwork, reminiscence and science fact: a category in which GRAPHIC NOVELS compete with encyclopedias is perhaps too much of a grab-bag; the 1989 Worldcon committee did choose specifically to exclude A Brief History of Time (1988 US) by Stephen Hawking (1942-), causingsome slight controversy. Since 1984 the new category of SEMIPROZINE has been included, for publications midway between FANZINES and professional magazines.The Hugos have for many years been subject to criticism on the grounds that awards made by a small, self-selected group of hardcore fans do not necessarily reflect either literary merit or the preferences of the sf reading public generally; hardcore FANDOM probably makes up less than 1 per cent of the general sf readership. Certainly Hugos have tended to be given to traditional HARD SF, and have seldom been awarded to experimental work, but they have been, on the whole, surprisingly eclectic. While many awards have gone to (good but) conservative writers like Poul ANDERSON, Robert A. HEINLEIN, Clifford D. SIMAK and Larry NIVEN, they have also beengiven to such doyens of the NEW WAVE as Harlan ELLISON, Roger ZELAZNY and James TIPTREE Jr, and to a number of works of literary excellence whichquite fail to conform to the standard patterns of genre expectation, such as Walter M. MILLER Jr's A CANTICLE FOR LEIBOWITZ (1959) and Ursula K. LE GUIN's The Dispossessed (1974). Neither was Fritz LEIBER's eccentric THEBIG TIME (1958; 1961), which won the award before going into book format, a traditionalist selection. The rival award, the NEBULA, is chosen by professional writers, but there is no evidence that they have consistently selected works of superior literary merit; indeed, some critics would argue the contrary case, that the Hugo voters have proved themselves marginally the more reliable judges. Though good books are often ignored, and in some years individual awards have seemed strange, the track record of the Hugos has been, on the whole, quite honourable. Another cavil is that both Hugo and Nebula, being US-centred, are notably chauvinistic, and awards to non-US writers have been rare. Nevertheless, despite all the criticisms to which both awards are readily subject, they are of real value to their recipients in increasing book sales.Up-to-date listings of the rules under which Hugo awards are made can be found in the programme booklets for each Worldcon, as Article II of the Constitution of the World Science Fiction Society. Much of the Hugo-winning short fiction isavailable in a series of anthologies edited by Isaac ASIMOV (whom see for details).

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   Novels:

   1953: Alfred BESTER, THE DEMOLISHED MAN

   1955: Mark CLIFTON and Frank RILEY, They'd Rather be Right

   1956: Robert A. HEINLEIN, Double Star

   1957: no award

   1958: Fritz LEIBER, THE BIG TIME

   1959: James BLISH, A CASE OF CONSCIENCE

   1960: Robert A. Heinlein, STARSHIP TROOPERS

   1961: Walter M. MILLER Jr, A CANTICLE FOR LEIBOWITZ

   1962: Robert A. Heinlein, STRANGER IN A STRANGE LAND

   1963: Philip K. DICK, THE MAN IN THE HIGH CASTLE

   1964: Clifford D. SIMAK, WAY STATION

   1965: Fritz Leiber, THE WANDERER

   1966: Roger ZELAZNY, ". . . And Call Me Conrad" and Frank HERBERT, DUNE (tie)

   1967: Robert A. Heinlein, THE MOON IS A HARSH MISTRESS

   1968: Roger Zelazny, LORD OF LIGHT

   1969: John BRUNNER, STAND ON ZANZIBAR

   1970: Ursula K. LE GUIN, THE LEFT HAND OF DARKNESS

   1971: Larry NIVEN, RINGWORLD

   1972: Philip Jose FARMER, TO YOUR SCATTERED BODIES GO

   1973: Isaac ASIMOV, THE GODS THEMSELVES

   1974: Arthur C. CLARKE, RENDEZVOUS WITH RAMA

   1975: Ursula K. Le Guin, The Dispossessed

   1976: Joe HALDEMAN, The Forever War

   1977: Kate WILHELM, Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang

   1978: Frederik POHL, GATEWAY

   1979: Vonda N. MCINTYRE, Dreamsnake

   1980: Arthur C. CLARKE, THE FOUNTAINS OF PARADISE

   1981: Joan D. VINGE, The Snow Queen

   1982: C.J. CHERRYH, Downbelow Station

   1983: Isaac Asimov, Foundation's Edge

   1984: David BRIN, Startide Rising

   1985: William GIBSON, Neuromancer

   1986: Orson Scott CARD, Ender's Game

   1987: Orson Scott Card, Speaker for the Dead

   1988: David Brin, The Uplift War

   1989: C.J. Cherryh, CYTEEN

   1990: Dan SIMMONS, Hyperion

   1991: Lois McMaster BUJOLD, The Vor Game

   1992: Lois McMaster Bujold, Barrayar

   1993:Vernor VINGE, A FIRE UPON THE DEEP and Connie WILLIS, DOOMSDAY BOOK*

   1994: Kim Stanley ROBINSON, Green Mars

   Short fiction to 1972:

   1955 Novelette: Walter M. Miller Jr, "The Darfstellar"Short Story: Eric Frank RUSSELL, "Allamagoosa"

   1956 Novelette: Murray LEINSTER, "Exploration Team"Short Story: Arthur C. Clarke, "The Star"

   1957 No award

   1958 Short Story: Avram DAVIDSON, "Or All the Seas with Oysters"

   1959 Novelette: Clifford D. Simak, "The Big Front Yard"Short Story:Robert BLOCH, "That Hell-Bound Train"

   1960 Short Fiction: Daniel KEYES, "Flowers for Algernon"

   1961 Short Story: Poul ANDERSON, "The Longest Voyage"

   1962 Short Fiction: Brian W. ALDISS, the Hothouse series

   1963 Short Fiction: Jack VANCE, "The Dragon Masters"

   1964 Short Story: Poul Anderson, "No Truce with Kings"

   1965 Short Fiction: Gordon R. DICKSON, "Soldier, Ask Not"

   1966 Short Fiction: Harlan ELLISON, "'Repent, Harlequin!' said the Ticktockman"

   1967 Novelette: Jack Vance, "The Last Castle"Short Story: Larry Niven, "Neutron Star"

   1968 Novella: Anne MCCAFFREY, "Weyr Search" and Philip Jose Farmer, "Riders of the Purple Wage" (tie)Novelette: Fritz Leiber, "Gonna Roll Those Bones"Short Story: Harlan Ellison, "I Have no Mouth and I Must Scream"

   1969 Novella: Robert SILVERBERG, "Nightwings"Novelette: Poul Anderson, "The Sharing of Flesh"Short Story: Harlan Ellison, "The Beast that Shouted Love at the Heart of the World"

   1970 Novella: Fritz Leiber, "Ship of Shadows"Short Story: Samuel R. DELANY, "Time Considered as aHelix of Semi-Precious Stones"

   1971 Novella: Fritz Leiber, "Ill Met in Lankhmar"Short Story: Theodore STURGEON, "Slow Sculpture"

   1972 Novella: Poul Anderson, "The Queen of Air and Darkness"Short Story: Larry Niven, "Inconstant Moon"Novellas from

   1973: Ursula K. Le Guin, "The Word for World is Forest"

   1974: James TIPTREE Jr, "The Girl who Was Plugged In"

   1975: George R.R. MARTIN, "A Song for Lya"

   1976: Roger Zelazny, "Home is the Hangman"

   1977: Spider ROBINSON, "By Any Other Name" and James Tiptree Jr, "Houston, Houston, Do You Read?" (tie)

   1978: Spider and Jeanne ROBINSON, "Stardance"

   1979: John VARLEY, "The Persistence of Vision"

   1980: Barry B. LONGYEAR, "Enemy Mine"

   1981: Gordon R. Dickson, "Lost Dorsai"

   1982: Poul Anderson, "The Saturn Game"

   1983: Joanna RUSS, "Souls"

   1984: Timothy ZAHN, "Cascade Point"

   1985: John Varley, "PRESS ENTER "

   1986: Roger Zelazny, "Twenty-four Views of Mount Fuji, by Hokusai"

   1987: Robert Silverberg, "Gilgamesh in the Outback"

   1988: Orson Scott Card, "Eye for Eye"

   1989: Connie WILLIS, "The Last of the Winnebagos"

   1990: Lois McMaster Bujold, "The Mountains of Mourning"

   1991: Joe Haldeman, "The Hemingway Hoax"

   1992: Nancy KRESS, "Beggars in Spain"

   1993: Lucius SHEPARD, "Barnacle Bill the Spacer"

   1994: Harry TURTLEDOVE, "Down in the Bottomlands"

   Novelettes from 1973:

   1973: Poul Anderson, "Goat Song"

   1974: Harlan Ellison, "The Deathbird"

   1975: Harlan Ellison, "Adrift Just Off the Islets of Langerhans: Latitude 38deg 54' N, Longitude 77deg 00' 13" W"

   1976: Larry Niven, "The Borderland of Sol"

   1977: Isaac Asimov, "The Bicentennial Man"

   1978: Joan D. Vinge, "Eyes of Amber"

   1979: Poul Anderson, "Hunter's Moon"

   1980: George R.R. Martin, "Sandkings"

   1981: Gordon R. Dickson, "The Cloak and the Staff"

   1982: Roger Zelazny, "Unicorn Variation"

   1983: Connie Willis, "Fire Watch"

   1984: Greg BEAR, "Blood Music"

   1985: Octavia E. BUTLER, "Bloodchild"

   1986: Harlan Ellison, "Paladin of the Lost Hour"

   1987: Roger Zelazny, "Permafrost"

   1988: Ursula K. Le Guin, "Buffalo Gals, Won't You Come Out Tonight"

   1989: George Alec EFFINGER, "Schrodinger's Kitten"

   1990: Robert Silverberg, "Enter a Soldier. Later, Enter Another"

   1991: Michael D. RESNICK, "The Manamouki"

   1992: Isaac Asimov, "Gold"

   1993: Janet KAGAN, "The Nutcracker Coup"

   1994: Charles SHEFFIELD, "Georgia on my Mind"

   Short Stories from 1973:

   1973: R.A. LAFFERTY, "Eurema's Dam", and Frederik Pohl and C.M. KORNBLUTH, "The Meeting" (tie)

   1974: Ursula K. Le Guin, "The Ones who WalkAway from Omelas"

   1975: Larry Niven, "The Hole Man"

   1976: Fritz Leiber, "Catch that Zeppelin"

   1977: Joe Haldeman, "Tricentennial"

   1978: Harlan Ellison, "Jeffty is Five"

   1979: C.J. Cherryh, "Cassandra"

   1980: George R.R. Martin, "The Way of Cross and Dragon"

   1981: Clifford D. Simak, "Grotto of the Dancing Deer"

   1982: John Varley, "The Pusher"

   1983: Spider Robinson, "Melancholy Elephants"

   1984: Octavia E. Butler, "Speech Sounds"

   1985: DavidBrin, "The Crystal Spheres"

   1986: Frederik Pohl, "Fermi and Frost"

   1987: Greg Bear, "Tangents"

   1988: Lawrence WATT-EVANS, "Why I Left Harry's All-Night Hamburgers"

   1989: Michael D. Resnick, "Kirinyaga"

   1990: Suzy McKee CHARNAS, "Boobs"

   1991: Terry BISSON, "Bears Discover Fire"

   1992: Geoffrey Landis, "A Walk in the Sun"

   1993: Connie Willis, "Even the Queen"

   1994: Connie Willis, "Death on the Nile"

   Nonfiction book:

   1980: Peter NICHOLLS, editor, The Science Fiction Encyclopedia

   1981: Carl SAGAN, Cosmos

   1982: Stephen KING, Danse Macabre

   1983: James E. GUNN, Isaac Asimov: TheFoundations of Science Fiction

   1984: Donald H. TUCK, The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Volume 3: Miscellaneous

   1985: Jack WILLIAMSON, "Wonder's Child: My Life in Science Fiction"

   1986: Tom Weller, Science Made Stupid

   1987: Brian W. Aldiss with David WINGROVE, Trillion Year Spree

   1988: Michael WHELAN, Michael Whelan's Works of Wonder

   1989: Samuel R. Delany, The Motion of Light in Water

   1990: Alexei and Cory PANSHIN, The World Beyond the Hill

   1991: Orson Scott Card, How to Write Science Fiction and Fantasy

   1992: The World of Charles Addams

   1993: Harry WARNER, Jr., A Wealth of Fable: An Informal History of Science Fiction Fandom in the 1950s (this was a professional edition of a mimeographed work dated 1976)

   1994: John CLUTEand Peter Nicholls, editors, The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction

   Dramatic presentation:

   1958: Outstanding movie, The INCREDIBLE SHRINKING MAN

   1960: The TWILIGHT ZONE

   1961: The Twilight Zone

   1962: The Twilight Zone

   1963: no award

   1965: Special drama, DR STRANGELOVE OR: HOW I LEARNED TO STOP WORRYING AND LOVE THE BOMB

   1967: "The Menagerie" (STAR TREK)

   1968: "City on the Edge of Forever" (Star Trek)

   1969: Drama, 2001: A SPACE ODYSSEY

   1970: Dramatic, news coverage of Apollo XI

   1971: no award

   1972: A CLOCKWORK ORANGE

   1973: SLAUGHTERHOUSE FIVE

   1974: SLEEPER

   1975: Young Frankenstein

   1976: A BOY AND HIS DOG

   1977: no award

   1978: STAR WARS

   1979: SUPERMAN

   1980: ALIEN

   1981: The EMPIRE STRIKES BACK

   1982: Raiders of the Lost Ark

   1983: BLADE RUNNER

   1984: RETURN OF THE JEDI

   1985: 2010

   1986: BACK TO THE FUTURE

   1987: ALIENS

   1988: The Princess Bride

   1989: Who Framed Roger Rabbit

   1990: Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade

   1991: Edward Scissorhands

   1992: TERMINATOR 2: JUDGMENT DAY

   1993: "The Inner Light" (STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION)

   1994: JURASSIC PARK

   Professional magazine:

   1953: GALAXY SCIENCE FICTION and ASTOUNDING SCIENCE-FICTION (tie)

   1955: ASF

   1956: ASF

   1957: US, ASF; UK, NEW WORLDS

   1958: FSF

   1959: FSF

   1960: FSF

   1961: ASF

   1962: ASF

   1963: FSF

   1964: ASF

   1965: ASF

   1966: IF

   1967: If

   1968: If

   1969: FSF

   1970: FSF

   1971: FSF

   1972: FSFProfessional editor:

   1973: Ben BOVA

   1974: Ben Bova

   1975: Ben Bova

   1976: Ben Bova

   1977: Ben Bova

   1978: George H. SCITHERS

   1979: Ben Bova

   1980: George H. Scithers

   1981: Edward L. FERMAN

   1982: Edward L. Ferman

   1983: Edward L. Ferman

   1984: Shawna MCCARTHY

   1985: Terry CARR

   1986: Judy-Lynn DEL REY (declined by Lester DEL REY)

   1987: Terry Carr

   1988: Gardner DOZOIS

   1989: Gardner Dozois

   1990: Gardner Dozois

   1991: Gardner Dozois

   1992: Gardner Dozois

   1993: Gardner Dozois

   1994:Kristine Kathryn RUSCHPublisher:

   1964: ACE BOOKS

   1965: BALLANTINE BOOKS

   Professional artist (early awards differently named):

   1953 Interior Illustrator: Virgil FINLAY Cover Artist: Ed EMSHWILLER and Hannes BOK (tie)

   1955Illustrator:Frank Kelly FREAS

   1956 Illustrator: Frank Kelly Freas

   1957 No award

   1958 Illustrator: Frank Kelly Freas

   1959 Illustrator: Frank Kelly Freas

   1960 Illustrator: Ed Emshwiller

   1961 Illustrator: Ed Emshwiller

   1962: Ed Emshwiller

   1963: Roy G. KRENKEL

   1964: Ed Emshwiller

   1965: John SCHOENHERR

   1966: Frank FRAZETTA

   1967: Jack GAUGHAN

   1968: Jack Gaughan

   1969: Jack Gaughan

   1970: Frank Kelly Freas

   1971: Leo and Diane DILLON

   1972: Frank Kelly Freas

   1973: Frank Kelly Freas

   1974: Frank Kelly Freas

   1975: Frank Kelly Freas

   1976: Frank Kelly Freas

   1977: Rick STERNBACH

   1978: Rick Sternbach

   1979: Vincent DI FATE

   1980: Michael WHELAN

   1981: Michael Whelan

   1982: Michael Whelan

   1983: Michael Whelan

   1984: Michael Whelan

   1985: Michael Whelan

   1986: Michael Whelan

   1987: Jim BURNS

   1988: Michael Whelan

   1989: Michael Whelan

   1990: Don MAITZ

   1991: Michael Whelan

   1992: Michael Whelan

   1993: Don Maitz

   1994: Bob EGGLETON

   Original artwork (new category from 1992):

   1992: Michael Whelan, cover for The Summer Queen(

   1991) by Joan D. Vinge, published by Warner Questar

   1993: James GURNEY, Dinotopia (1992), published by Turner

   1994: Stephen Hickman, Space Fantasy Commemorative Stamp Booklet, published by US Postal Service

   Semiprozine:

   1984: Charles N. BROWN, ed LOCUS

   1985: Charles N. Brown, ed Locus

   1986: Charles N. Brown, ed Locus

   1987: Charles N. Brown, ed Locus

   1988: Charles N. Brown, ed Locus

   1989: Charles N. Brown, ed Locus

   1990: Charles N. Brown, ed Locus

   1991: Charles N. Brown, ed Locus

   1992:Charles N. Brown, ed Locus

   1993: Andrew Porter, ed SCIENCE FICTION CHRONICLE

   1994: Andrew Porter, ed Science Fiction Chronicle

   Fan magazine/amateur publication/fanzine:

   1955: James V. Taurasi and Ray Van Houten, eds FANTASY TIMES

   1956: Ron Smith, ed Inside and Science FictionAdvertiser

   1957: James V. Taurasi, Ray Van Houten and Frank Prieto, eds Science Fiction Times (FANTASY TIMES)

   1959: Terry Carr and Ron ELLIK, eds FANAC

   1960: F.M. and Elinor BUSBY, Burnett Toskey and Wally Weber, eds Cry of the Nameless

   1961: Earl KEMP, "Who Killed Science Fiction?"

   1962: Richard Bergeron, ed WARHOON

   1963: Richard and Pat LUPOFF, eds XERO

   1964: GeorgeSCITHERS, ed Amra

   1965: Robert and Juanita COULSON, eds YANDRO

   1966: Camille Cazedessus Jr, ed ERB-dom

   1967: Ed Meskys and Felice Rolfe, eds NIEKAS

   1968: George Scithers, ed Amra

   1969: Richard E. GEIS, ed SCIENCE FICTION REVIEW

   1970: Richard E. Geis, ed Science Fiction Review

   1971: Charlie and Dena Brown, eds Locus

   1972: Charlie and Dena Brown, eds Locus

   1973: Michael Glicksohn and Susan WOOD Glicksohn, eds Energumen

   1974: Andy Porter, ed ALGOL, and Richard E. Geis, ed The ALIEN CRITIC (tie)

   1975: Richard E. Geis, ed The Alien Critic

   1976: Charlie and Dena Brown, eds Locus

   1977: Richard E. Geis, ed Science Fiction Review

   1978: Charlie and Dena Brown, eds Locus

   1979: Richard E. Geis, ed Science Fiction Review

   1980: Charlie and Dena Brown, eds Locus

   1981: Charlie and Dena Brown, eds Locus

   1982: Charlie and Dena Brown, eds Locus

   1983: Charlie and Dena Brown, edsLocus

   1984: Mike Glyer, ed FILE 770

   1985: Mike Glyer, ed File 770

   1986: George "Lan" Laskowski, ed Lan's Lantern

   1987: David LANGFORD, ed ANSIBLE

   1988: Pat Mueller, ed Texas SF Enquirer

   1989: Mike Glyer, ed File 770

   1990: Leslie Turek, ed The Mad 3 Party

   1991: George "Lan" Laskowski, ed Lan's Lantern

   1992: Dick and Nicki Lynch, eds Mimosa

   1993: Dick and Nicki Lynch, eds Mimosa

   1994:Dick and Nicki Lynch, eds Mimosa

   Fan writer:

   1967: Alexei PANSHIN

   1968: Ted WHITE

   1969: Harry WARNER, Jr

   1970: Bob (Wilson) TUCKER

   1971: Richard E. Geis

   1972: Harry Warner, Jr

   1973: Terry Carr

   1974: Susan WOOD

   1975: Richard E. Geis

   1976: Richard E. Geis

   1977: Richard E. Geis and Susan Wood (tie)

   1978: Richard E. Geis

   1979: Bob SHAW

   1980: Bob Shaw

   1981: Susan Wood

   1982: Richard E. Geis

   1983: Richard E. Geis

   1984: MikeGlyer

   1985: David Langford

   1986: Mike Glyer

   1987: David Langford

   1988: Mike Glyer

   1989: David Langford

   1990: David Langford

   1991: David Langford

   1992: David Langford

   1993: David Langford

   1994: David Langford

   Fan artist:

   1967: Jack GAUGHAN

   1968: George BARR

   1969: Vaughn BODE

   1970: Tim Kirk

   1971: Alicia Austin

   1972: Tim Kirk

   1973: Tim Kirk

   1974: Tim Kirk

   1975: William ROTSLER

   1976: Tim Kirk

   1977: Phil Foglio

   1978: Phil Foglio

   1979: William Rotsler

   1980: Alexis GILLILAND

   1981: Victoria Poyser

   1982: Victoria Poyser

   1983: Alexis Gilliland

   1984: Alexis Gilliland

   1985: Alexis Gilliland

   1986: joan hanke-woods

   1987: Brad Foster

   1988: Brad Foster

   1989: Brad Foster and Diana Gallagher Wu (tie)

   1990: Stu Shiffman

   1991: Teddy Harvia

   1992: BradFoster

   1993: Peggy Ranson

   1994: Brad Foster

   Other Hugo awards:

   1953\#1 Fan personality: Forrest J. ACKERMANExcellence in fact articles: Willy LEYNew sf author or artist: Philip Jose Farmer

   1956 Feature writer: Willy LeyMost promising new author: Robert SilverbergBook reviewer: Damon KNIGHT

   1958 Most outstanding actifan (active fan): Walter A. Willis

   1966 Best all-time series: Isaac Asimov, Foundation seriesBest Other Forms:A category added by the Committee in

   1988 and voted on, so it was not a Special Committee Award (see below). It was won by Alan MOORE and Dave GIBBONS for a GRAPHICNOVEL, WATCHMEN. However, this particular award has mysteriously disappeared from subsequent official lists of past Hugo Winners, so its status is not clear.Special Committee Awards:Not strictly Hugo awards, these have been given from time to time to people as various as Hugo Gernsback for being "The Father of Science Fiction" in

   1960, Pierre VERSINS for his L'Encyclopedie de l'Utopie et de la science fiction in 1973 and Chesley BONESTELL for his illustrations in 1974. We do not list them in full.

   See also: JOHN W. CAMPBELL AWARD; SF MAGAZINES; WOMEN SF WRITERS.